Simon Bolivar’s quote

“We have achieved our independence at the expense of everything else.”

  This quote means that Simon Bolivar worked very hard to gain independence in South America but finally got it after loosing evrything else.  The proccess for him to gain independence was difficult. He fought many ware and it took alot of time to get to this point. Bolivar thought that South America should be free, equal, and fraternal like the French Revolution.

Page 528 #1 & 2

1. Define:

-Plebiscite:Procedure used to submit the constitution of a new overnment to the people for a yes-or-no vote.

-nationalism: love of one’s country rather than of one’s native region.

-scorched-earth policy: tactic of burning or destroying crops and anything else of value to an invading army.

2.identify

-Napoleonic code: system of french law under Napoleon’s direction

-Concordat: Argement between Napoleon and the pope recognizing Catholicism as the religion of most French citizens.

-Horatio Nelson: Defeated a combined French and Spanish fleet off the coast of Spain.

-Duke of Wellington: Led an army to help the spanish and Portuguese people rise up against the French.

Page 522 #4 & page 528 #4

Page 522 #4

a. The national convention changed France because it lead france to the end of monarchy by executing Louis the XVI which made it a republic nation.

b. The Reign of Terrors was a period of time were everyone was afraid.It was against nobility and anyone suspected of disloyalty. It affected the people of France to guillotine Robespierre.

c. Napoleon, a general rose to power by improving conditions for the troops, gaining their support and boosting morale.

Page 528 #4

a. In 1804, the French people voted France as an empire and Napoleon became the Emperor. He organized all French laws into Napoleonic code and established the Bank of France to act as a central financial institution.

b. He made Austria and Prussia signed peace treaties  and ruled Netherlands and Spain and forced Papal states into an alliances. He also abolished the Holy Roman Empire and unified it into the Kingdom of Italy under his control.

c. Prussia, Austria, Britain, and Russia had formed allies to crush France, and finally defeated Napoleon.

La Marseillaise

La Marseillaise became the French national anthem because France was becoming independent, following a different way of ruling, between absolute monarchy and to end as republicans. This song means that the people should be one all together. That they will fight till the end if it is for something they believe in. They fight for their country, their rights, to stay together , not have someone bring back slavery into their lives. Other countries can do as they please, traitors will pay with honor ( war as in revenge). They will fight back, also they will not have the last breath. They’ll be successful.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

 Articles:

1. All men have equal rights even if there is social distinctions.
2. liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression are our natural rights as human.
3. The principle of sovereignty is based on the nation and everything we do has to go through it.
4. You can exercise the natural rights of human as long as it doesn’t take away others natural rights.
5. Laws are made to protect society and no one can be force upon to do something that breaks the law.
6. Law is the expression of the general will and every citizen is equal therfore they all are eligible to all jobs based on there work.
7. No one will be accused, arrested, or imprisoned unless they break the law and will be punished.
8. The law will provided punishment when needed and noone will suffer a punishment if not needed.
9. Everyone is innocent until proven otherwise.
10. Everyone is aloud to say what they want unless they break the law.
11. The freedom of speech is one of the most important rights of human. Everyone can speak, write, and print with freely, but will be responsible if you break the law.
12. The public military forces are required and they are established for the good of all people and not for personal advantages of those who entrusted.
13. Contributions are necessary to maintain the public forces and the cost of administration.
14. All citizens have a right to make decisions.
15. Society has the right to administer every public agent.
16. A society in which law is not assured, nor have any separation of powers has no constitution at all.
17. Property is an inviolable right that no one can take away unless for public needs or legally determined.

**Mr.Weiss i have been sick the whole weekend, therefore i just got the chance to get on the computer today to do the assignment.

Page 489 #1, 2, & 4

1.

• habeas corpus: legal right protecting individuals from unfair arrest and imprisonment.
• Cabinet: head of government departments who advise the head of state.
• Prime Minister: head of government in Great Britain.
• Limited Constitutional Monarchy: government in which the monarch remains head of the state, but the king or queen is required to consult Parliament.

2.

• Restoration: Period of the reign of charles II of England when the monarchy was restored; also the rebirth of English culture during that time. 
• Whigs: political party in england that rebelled aginst the monarchy, wanted a strong Parliament and opposed having a Catholic ruler.
• James II: Charles II brother.  Believed in absolute monarchy.
• William III & Mary II: joint rulers. They bring about the Glorious Revolution when James left.
• Glorious Revolution: A bloodless transfer of power to William and Mary of England in 1688.
• Thomas Hobbes: English philosopher.  He wrote the book “Leviathan.”
• John Locke: An English philosopher who disagrees with Locke.  He wrote the “Two Treatises of Government”
• English Bill of Rights: Document in 1689 that declared the powers of Parliament and protected private citizens.
• Toleration Act: 1689 act of British Parliamet granting some religious freedoms to non-Anglican protestants.

4. A. The Whigs are rebellious while Tories believed in hereditary rights. Tories are willing to accept the Roman Catholic king while the Whigs wanted a strong parliament and opposed having a Catholic ruler.  

B. The role religion played in the reigns of Charles II and James the II was to gain power and to secure power.

C. Hobbes thought to avoid violence between people, they need to choose a leader to rule for them. (Absolute monarchy) Locke thought that people’s basic rights are their liberty, lives, and property and to secure it, we must have a constitutional monarchy. However, they both do believed in having a monarchy but only to a certain extent.

D. The  parliament of the early 1700s was not truly a “representative legislature” because rulers of England either opposed their ideas or did not understand the concept of the government.

Hobbe’s & Locke’s

     Hobbes believed that nature made man equal in both faculties of body and mind although there are man that is stronger in body or quicker mind than another, but there are still difference between man and man. The hobbs were absolute monarchy. They believed all are equal and that the people agree with each other not the king.

     Locke thinks that it should govern by constitutional monarchy to avoid tyranny. Lockes were constitutional monarchy and the people make agreements with the king not with the other people. Locke’s believes in monarchy however are different from Hobbes. “He said that tyranny is the exercise of power beyond right, which no body can have a right to. It is not for the good of others but the benefit of his/her own. He prefer the weal of the public, and of the whole commonwealth, in making of good laws and constitutions.” -From the Excerpt

John Locke

     John Locke was a British philosopher in the seventeen century. He published his work “Essay Concerning Human Understanding” in 1690. He tried to understand where we get our ideas from and if we can rely on our senses. Locke said that before we began to form our ideas from the senses, the mind is like an unfurnished room, empty. He stressed that the only thing we can notice are simple sensations. Locke had an idea  to divide the world into “primary qualities” and “secondary qualities”. “Primary qualities”, he meant extension, weight, motion, and numbers. “Secondary qualities” he meant something that is sweet or sour, red or green, cold or hot. Locke agreed with Descartes that the extended reality does have certain qualities that man is able to understand.

Descartes & Spinoza

In 1596 Rene Descartes was born. He lived in a number of different European countries at various periods of his life. He had a desire to achieve insight into the nature of man and the universe. But after studying philosophy, he was convinced that certain knowledge is only attainable through reason. He believed that we can never trust what the old books tell us. We cannot even trust what our senses tell us. Descartes came to a conclusion that the body of knowledge handed down from the Middle Ages was not necessarily reliable. In other words, he wouldn’t believe anything if there wasn’t any evidence to back it up.

In 1632 Baruch Spinoza was born. Spinoza belogned to a Jewish community of Amsterdam, but was excommunicated for heresy. He believed that Christianity and Judism were only kept alive by rigid dogma and outer ritual. He was the first to apply what we call a historico-critical interpritation of the Bible. This means that he denied the Bible was inspired by God down to the last letter. He said that when we read the Bible, we must continually bear in mind the period it was written in. Then in 1677 Spinoza died.

Vocabulary From Sophie’s World

Baroque: A period in the seventeenth century. were the art was much richer in highly contrastive forms than the plainer and ore harmonious Renaissance art.

 Idealism: The believe that what exists is at bottom spiritual in nature 

Materialism: A philosophy which holds that all real things derive from concrete material substances 

Mechanistic World View: The view in principle to calculate every natural change with mathematical precision

 Determinism: The idea that everything that happens is predetermined.